सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता (IVC) प्राचीन भारत की सबसे पुरानी नगरीय सभ्यताओं में प्रमुख है, जो लगभग 3300-1300 ईसा पूर्व तक चली।
कालक्रम
- प्रारंभिक हड़प्पा चरण: 3300-2600 ई.पू., बस्तियाँ बढ़ीं, कृषि और व्यापार शुरू।
- परिपक्व हड़प्पा चरण: 2600-1900 ई.पू., शहर बने, उन्नत नगर नियोजन।
- उत्तर हड़प्पा चरण: 1900-1300 ई.पू., पतन की शुरुआत।
प्रमुख स्थल
| स्थल | स्थान | विशेषता |
| मोहनजोदड़ो | सिंध, पाकिस्तान | विशाल स्नानागार |
| हड़प्पा | पंजाब, पाकिस्तान | पहली खुदाई स्थल |
| लोथल | गुजरात, भारत | बंदरगाह शहर |
| धोलावीरा | गुजरात, भारत | जल प्रबंधन प्रणाली |
| कालीबंगा | राजस्थान, भारत | अग्नि वेदियाँ |
| राखीगढ़ी | हरियाणा, भारत | सबसे बड़ा स्थल |
नगर नियोजन
शानदार शहर और पक्की सड़कें (नगर नियोजन)
आज के समय की तरह उस जमाने के शहर भी बहुत सलीके से बसाए गए थे।
- सीधी सड़कें: सड़कें एकदम सीधी थीं और एक-दूसरे को प्लस (+) के निशान की तरह काटती थीं।
- पक्के मकान: लोग कच्ची मिट्टी के नहीं, बल्कि पक्की ईंटों के बने घरों में रहते थे।
- दो हिस्से: शहर के दो भाग होते थे—एक ऊँचा हिस्सा (जहाँ खास लोग रहते थे) और एक नीचा हिस्सा (जहाँ आम जनता रहती थी)।
दुनिया की सबसे अच्छी नाली व्यवस्था (Drainage System)
उस समय के लोग साफ-सफाई के मामले में बहुत आगे थे।
- हर घर की नाली बाहर की बड़ी नाली से जुड़ी होती थी।
- नालियाँ ढकी हुई होती थीं ताकि गंदगी और बदबू न फैले। सफाई के लिए बीच-बीच में ढक्कन (मैनहोल) भी लगाए गए थे।
विशाल स्नानागार (Great Bath)
मोहनजोदड़ो में एक बहुत बड़ा स्विमिंग पूल जैसा कुंड मिला है।
- माना जाता है कि खास त्योहारों पर लोग यहाँ मिलकर नहाते थे।
- इसे इस तरह बनाया गया था कि इसमें से पानी बाहर न टपके।
खेती और व्यापार
- किसान: ये लोग गेहूँ, जौ और मटर उगाते थे। दुनिया में कपास (Cotton) सबसे पहले इन्हीं लोगों ने उगाया था।
- व्यापारी: ये लोग नावों के जरिए दूसरे देशों (जैसे मेसोपोटामिया) के साथ व्यापार करते थे। इनके पास सामान तौलने के लिए पत्थर के बाट (Weights) भी थे।
रहन–सहन और कला
- शांतिप्रिय लोग: खुदाई में लड़ाई के हथियार बहुत कम मिले हैं, जिससे पता चलता है कि ये लोग शांति से रहना पसंद करते थे।
- कला: इन्हें मूर्तियाँ, गहने और मिट्टी के बर्तन बनाने का बहुत शौक था।
- पूजा: ये लोग प्रकृति, पेड़ों (पीपल) और पशुपति नाथ (शिवजी का रूप) की पूजा करते थे।
पतन के कारण
जलवायु परिवर्तन, नदी सूखना, बाढ़ या आक्रमण संभावित।
“सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता उस समय की सबसे आधुनिक और साफ़-सुथरी शहरी सभ्यता थी, जहाँ के लोग व्यापार और इंजीनियरिंग में माहिर थे।”
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