सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता प्राचीन भारत की सबसे पुरानी नगरीय सभ्यताओं में से एक है। यह कांस्य युग की सभ्यता थी जो लगभग 3300 से 1300 ईसा पूर्व तक फली-फूली।
भौगोलिक विस्तार
यह सभ्यता सिंधु नदी और उसकी सहायक नदियों के किनारे फैली हुई थी, जो आज के पाकिस्तान और उत्तर-पश्चिम भारत (पंजाब, हरियाणा, गुजरात) तक विस्तृत थी। मुख्य क्षेत्रों में अफगानिस्तान से लेकर गुजरात तक के इलाके शामिल थे। इसका क्षेत्रफल लगभग 12 लाख वर्ग किलोमीटर था।
प्रमुख स्थल
- मोहनजोदड़ो: पाकिस्तान के सिंध प्रांत में स्थित, सबसे महत्वपूर्ण स्थल जहाँ विशाल स्नानागार मिला।
- हड़प्पा: पाकिस्तान के पंजाब में, जहाँ पहली खुदाई हुई।
- धोलावीरा: गुजरात में, उन्नत जल प्रबंधन प्रणाली के लिए प्रसिद्ध।
- लोथल: गुजरात का बंदरगाह शहर।
चरण और कालक्रम
सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता के तीन मुख्य चरण थे। प्रारंभिक हड़प्पा काल (3300-2600 ई.पू.) में बस्तियाँ बढ़ीं, परिपक्व काल (2600-1900 ई.पू.) में शहर बने, और उत्तर हड़प्पा काल (1900-1300 ई.पू.) में पतन शुरू हुआ। इस दौरान कांस्य उपकरण, मिट्टी के बर्तन और व्यापार विकसित हुए।
विशेषताएँ
नगर नियोजन उन्नत था—ग्रिड पैटर्न की सड़कें, जल निकासी प्रणाली, ईंटों के घर और सार्वजनिक भवन। अर्थव्यवस्था कृषि, व्यापार (मेसोपोटामिया के साथ) और शिल्प पर आधारित थी। लिपि चित्रलिपि थी जो अभी पढ़ी नहीं जा सकी।
पतन के कारण
संभावित कारणों में नदी का सूखना, बाढ़, जलवायु परिवर्तन या आक्रमण शामिल हैं, लेकिन निश्चित नहीं।
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